Some of Democratic Principles System

As same as the Khilafah Government System

Can a democratic system of government go hand in hand with Khilafah Government?

            Democratic system of government is one of many way to govern society, democracy based on Abraham Lincoln it is  system of government comes from us, by us, and for us. So in this case society has a great contribution to do it. Based on Franz Magnis Suseno, there are 5 characteristics of democratic state; 1. Constitutional state 2. The government which is controlled by society 3. Free General elections 4. Majority principle 5. The guaranty of democratic rights. In Indonesia democratic has been applying for long time, it was started since Ir. Soekarno’s government.  All of us know that democracy is the better way to govern society because every aspiration and assumption can be reached. Democracy is important to be known, because nowadays every principle of democracy doesn’t applied well. We know that majority of society in Indonesia is Islam. But in fact the system which is used is Democratic not khilafah government. So I questioning whether a democratic system of government can go hand in hand with khilafah government. And the following paragraph will tell you about the case furtherly.

            Khilafah and democracy government system as the way to govern society. Khilafah is a form of government which was started when our prophet Muhammad SAW passed away. It was created based on the law of God, it is not the empire government which take the wealthy of the other state. The character of leadeship doesn’t not rigid, it is prove that khilafah doesn’t imperialist power. The leadership and government in Khilafah State is sentralistic while the administration is desentralistic. The state has several province which is lead by a governor. The method which was used to choice a ‘Khalifah’ is islamic oath by; 1. Free election by Muslims 2. Appointment by the representative of muslims who is influence. Abu Hurairah Said that our prophet Muhammad SAW said “ in truth the leader like a shield, where the people will be war behind him and take cover with him “ (HR. Muslim). The principle of Khilafah government is uniqe, you will not arranged by the law and rule of a system which is created by human. There are 4 principles of khilafah government;

1.      The souverignty comes from Syara. Based on Al-qur’an (Q.S al-anam [6] : 57) “deciding the law is God authority”. It means that there is no tolerance in law. The power of law can’t be change by human hands.

2.      The governance in human hands. Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Ash told that Muhammad SAW said : “ whoever had been done Islam oath an imam, then he gave a helping hand, so he was asked to obey as long as he can. When someone who wanted to grab his dominance, so cut his head. “(HR. Muslim). Actually, the leader has responsible to us not to himself. The people had chosen him to be a leader and the people can stop him too if he doesn’t follow the rule and law.

3.      Elect the leader is the obligation to all Muslims. Abu Said al-Khudri told that Muhammad SAW. Said : “ if two Khalifah were elected, so killed the last one  “ (HR. Muslim)

According too islam perception, The Muslims in the wolrd must be combined under one leadership as long as the leader follow the rule and law of Islam. He can be followed by the people, they would not disagree.

4.      Khalifah has the special authority to adopt ‘syara’. It is just Khalifah which has authority to determine the ordinance and constitution. Based on Al-qur’an (Q.S an-nisa [4]: 59) “ the believers, obey God and obey the propehet and the clergy arrounds of you”.

            Those are the certainty of the Khilafah reference. One of them will be same with democratic principle. In democratic system we elect the leader and we can contribute in it. We must follow our leader and in democratic we can be a leader. Democratic and khilafah government system are the same government elect the leader, and it can replace by the other who can full the qualification. We can be a leader In democratic government system if we have many people who are loyal to us. It will be same with Khilafah government which can elect a Khalifah by representative to the influence people. Democratic system can be applied well if we adopt several principles of khilafah government. It can decrease the bad image of democracy which is identical with capitalism, we know that democracy follows the will of people so whenever it can be changed by the hand human. Actually, the principle of democracy is accepted by the people. But the practical of it does not consequence with it. Here we can see the the power of that system is law. Because it has created by human, it will be different if the law follows the God’s law. Although not all of the principles can’t reference to khilafah but several principles which are same have to be fixed.

            Democratic and khilafah had created by the people, they have each period which has marked themselves. We know that khilafah government has created since ‘Khulafaur Rasyidin’, it happened based on the asking of our prophet Muhammad SAW. Even when our prophet passed away, the Muslims especially his best friend ‘Khulafaur Rasyidin’ decided to elect the leader first. It was the importance of Muslims and the reference of him. Meanwhile, if we are talking about democracy, we will talk about the freedom. We can say our aspirations and we can contribute in it. But because there is no the power of law which is rigid, democracy is identical with liberalism and capitalism. Everyone who had anything can change the system of democracy; even he can buy the law. The power of law there is in human hands. Actually, Khilafah and democracy have been created by people. They have similar destination commonly, to make their state and people wealthy; everyone has same occasion and justness. Even though there is a distinction between them, but it has a same goal. And Khilafah has a way to face the secular. Based on (Q.S. An-nisa: 591) said “when you are debating about something, so it must return to God law (Al-qur’an) and Sunnah of the prophetic, if you are really faith to the last day”. Even though that Indonesia is a pluralistic state with several religions, it doesn’t mean that Khilafah government system impossible to be applied. If we learn to the history, when our prophet led the government, the Christian which saw the advance, they were agreeing to follow it. It teaches us how to tolerance the other faith. In Islam teaches everything about our life; economy, politic, life style and etc. Once again I tell that Khilafah which is containing about the rule and law of God can guide democracy. Islam is democratic in the sense that it is against dictatorship (istibdad), against absolutism, and against authoritarianism. [Democracy] does not mean the parliament's decision to abrogate [the legal status of] gambling and pornography and as to whether the myths (khurafat), idolatry (kemusyrikan), etc., should be discussed democratically. No! This is not the right of Parliament to discuss. (Natsir 2001: 89)

            There are several similar principles both of democratic and khilafah government. Democracy which gives priority to togetherness, everything is for citizenry. It can be looked from the principles; a. The contributions of society decide politics decisions, b. The similar authority of the society, c. The freedom which were admitted and used by society, d. The admiration to the law supremacy.  The principle of democracy is defended on the concept above (rule of law); a. There is no dominance misgovernment, b. There is no distinction in front of law, c. The human right is protected by statue. Meanwhile the principles of khilafah government system are like that I’ve said above. The same principles are like the conference for agreement, the same level in front of law; we are free to say every aspiration. Even in Islam there is no force to believe a faith. Democracy can go hand in hand with Khilafah, based on the majority the people in Indonesia is Islam and most of them who had battled for Indonesia freedom are Muslims.

            Khilafah follow God's law, while democracy follows the will of the people. Khilafah and democracy are same, but they have some differnces actually. As I said above, Khilafah is a rule or law which comes from our prophet Muhammad by reflecting the God’s law. I know that democracy is the way to express the will of people, and islam give a freedom to do something as long as it doesn’t contradictory. Islam follows the development of period isn’t it? And we the thinking about Islam doesn’t rigid. There is innovation; liberalism, Fundamentalism, moderate. There are many perceptions about the way to follow God’s law. God’s law doesn’t have to rigid; we can show it by the other way, for example; in the last two decades, Indonesian Muslims have enthusiastically been involved in various democratic activities. Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) have actively been supporting the empowerment of civil society and the process of democratization in the country. Even more importantly, Muslim leaders from both organizations have been enthusiastically engaged in the intellectual and political discourse to effectuate a more moderate and more liberal Islam. Hence, not only were they were against the idea of Islamic state or the implementation of Islamic laws, but also endorsing a more moderate and 'secular' platform of the state.

            The concept of Khilafah enable will grow many perceptions from every genre of Islam. So far, Islam has many genres; even it has begun since the leadership of Ali bin Thalib. There are several thinking about Islam at that time; Khawarij, As-ariyah, Maturidiyah, Syiah, Mu’tazilah. But in this period, those of them had been changing to the organization. Especially As-ariyah which is called by Ahlu Sunnah Waljamaah, it has grew many organization which each islam thought (Mazhab). There are; Nahdatul Ulama (NU), Persis, Muhammadiyah. Although there are distinction of them and but their point of view can be same in the rigid law of God. The rule of law khilaafah can’t be changed anymore. Based on the (Q.S. Ali Imran : 103). “ and hold on you all to the God’s religion and do not you separated with the other ”. It means that however we are different in point of view about something but we can’t judge that the concept of khilafah can change because following the development of period. Khilafah is khilafah, it will not change until whenever. The law of Khilafah is Al-qur’an, and comes from God. No one has an authority to change God’s law.  

            Khilafah will not be accepted easily because we are pluralistic state. In Indonesia, khilafah will not be easy to be applied, because there are several religion and different point view about the government system. But it doesn’t mean that it is impossible, we can see from history,” Khilafah has led world for 13 years “.  The Christian can do the ‘Renaissance’ and ‘Aufklarung’ in Europe. It is a fact, why the system of Khilafah Abbasiyah can open the door of knowledge, science, architecture, etc. Because one things, Islam has Al-qur’an which it’s containing about everything. Whatever can be found in it, so although the pluralistic in Indonesia are hard to unite, Khilafah government System can give the answer how to govern society well.  

            So far, we know that the distinction between democracy and Khilafah government are in the point of view. I am aware that Indonesia is pluralistic state, but we need to try the real concept which no one can change it. It is Khilafah government system, based on Al-qur’an (Q.S. al-maidah [5] : 3) ‘ today had I made perfect your religion and had I made enough your grace and had been I willing Islam be your religion “. And there is a system of government which has elected based on Al-qur’an and Hadits. It is Khilafah government system. We can learn for the history when khilafah had led the world for 13 century. The characteristic of Islam is universal and it is for all people who live in this world. The pluralistic in Indonesia just a little problem, we can apply the system of Khilafah government. We are just waiting for the time.   

Bibliography

Al-Anshari Jalal “mengenal system islam” Pustaka Thariqul Izzah. 2004

As’ad Muhammad “system pemerintahan islam “ 2006

Al-qur’an

Assyaukanie Luthfi. ‘Democracy and the Islamic State Muslim Arguments for Political Change in Indonesia’.  The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 20•2004

Anwar M. Syafi’i “ pemikiran dan aksi islam Indonesia “ Paramadina Jakarta 1995.

The Reflection about Marianne Moore’s Poem “The past is the present “and “poetry “as her distinction ideology in poetry

Poem is one of many ways to explain about our feeling; it can be abutment between us and the reader. The advancement of it can make a changing in every period, because we can influence the other by our writing, it’s not except Marianne Moore who had shown her ideology as the one who was refused the rule of poetry at that moment. She criticized about romanticism which made a rule of poetry. Marianne Moore’s reaction to romanticism had completed imagist movement which had led American poet between 1915 and 1917. This is called the three principles of imagism: 

1.                  Direct treatment of the “thing,” whether subjective or objective. 

2.                  To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation. 

3.                  As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.

Even though she was identical with imagist movement, but in the end she has separated her ideology. She was precise, elliptical, allusive but more discursive, commutative and meditative. “Moore’s verse relies on a connection between the imagined and the perceived. She often focuses on an object as the keystone of a tightly constructed poem that leads her reader to an ethical or “useful” statement. The objects ranged, over the course of her poetic life, from animals to political figures to office furniture. Her philosophy holds that people suffer through a loss of purpose or a lack of understanding of significance.” (Encyclopedia of American literature Marshall Boswell and Carl Rollyson 189).

At her poem, she imagined that the best thing when we had been appreciated effete, we had to go back to Him, the Prophet of Christian Habakkuk, based on his perception poem was a divine revelation which was consist of an advice. It was related with Hebrew poetry which could heighten our impression about feeling and told with the reader. “Moore’s verse relies on a connection between the imagined and the perceived. She often focuses on an object as the keystone of a tightly constructed poem that leads her reader to an ethical or “useful” statement.  (Marshall Boswell and Carl Rollyson 189).  Moore wanted that the meaning of a poem was explicit; it should not followed by the rule which made the poem itself different. The meaning of a poem can be understood by many ways, we can find it with searching key words or we can find out about background of a writer. According to Frederick Schleimacher that when we interpret something we can read an expression of a writer by knowing the time when it was written, so we can get the true message of it. We can know the genuine meaning from the other understanding, as we know that meaning of a word can be different if the writer used the allusion and symbol.

Moore’s though had been giving a reflection that American poetry has a significant changing at each period. But when the advices or messages in a poem couldn’t be understood as good as the readers wanted it could have been a problem. Even though, it was their characters of a romanticism which talked about something illogical or transcendent. Moore brought back the poem to the bible and she has introduced that she was a meditative person who deep knowledge about her background religion. I think that something which contains deep meaning it’s not always regular. Without rule of something we can create anything but can show the destination directly. Even though Robert Frost said that it was like playing tennis without net.  

The second poem is poetry. It’s a satire of the previous poem of romanticism which the style was transcendent or illogical. Why did she wrote “I too dislike it “? What for it is purposed? And she continued it by a symbols and allusion. Someone who doesn’t understand about poem itself will explain it explicitly, but we can get the real comprehension about it. As Frederick said that we can read the context when it was written. Moore wrote that there were still more important beyond all this fiddle. Will the reader said that fiddle there is really an instrument to play music? But as we know that fiddle always shows morose sound because the character of it is sad or freak out. And we know that romanticism always related which something illogical and had a rule in it. Romanticism made a distinction about content which would be understood by the readers. For example in “young good man brown “, it told about a dream. It explained the accident of context at that time, and had a deep connected with religion of puritan. It’s an example of a short story. And in the poem, we can see from Emily Dickinson which is the title is I died for beauty – but was scarce, it is talking about something which can’t be explained by our experiences, it needs more comprehension about our intuition. There are many poems or story to compare with Marianne Moore to get the genuine meaning of her diction “fiddle “.  So we can say that the fiddle is bullshit, even she said  that something which meaningful was not a high sounding interpretation about something about the advice and message of it is the most important. The genuine meaning is a destination of a poem and we will interest in poetry, it was the last sentences in poetry. It is so irony, at the first she said that she too dislike it. So what kind of poem which was disliked? And why in the last she tried to make the reader aware that poem is something to create imaginary garden with the real roads???

So what’s going on in the middle of that poem?? She used the animals with their characters; it was as symbols that everything we do should give the impression which can’t be forgotten. Even though there are many distinctions in it, but when something has dragged into a rule, they can’t show their genuine idea. And the result is not poetry. Poets will be same to write their poems, and its monotous. And she continued with put the word “insolence and triviality“. It was describing that something which is different will get it from the others. If we talked about poems, what is genuine in it??? And Marianne Moore answered it by “the imaginary gardens with the real roads “. It means that we can make a something with our own way, without the intervention of the others. And its the real genuine, and the genuine of our idea is the message which can be catched by the readers. Isn’t the satisfaction will fell when the other satisfied of it??? 

If we open literary in our country, everyone knows about Chairil Anwar. I think he is same as Marianne Moore; they are separated with the others. If we compare there is a distinction between them. Marianne Moore uses explicit poem’s irony as a reaction to the previous labors and Chairil Anwar use a symbol to show his expression which said “I am a wild animal which castaway from the group “, he continued with “the wound and poison could took. Run away, I wanted live 1000 years again “. In fact, his poem is still alive until now. The symbol of wound and poison are critics and censures from the poets because he had been being himself as free verse poets. It’s same as Marianne Moore.

That is a counter of previous poem which just show the beauty and style but the meanings are so hard to interpret. Even though there are many methods to interpret text or poem, for example we can use Paul Recouer’s methods “discontextualization and recontextualization “. We can interpret it by understanding the symbols and let the historical contexts but we will difficulty for the first time if we do not have knowledge enough. Especially in poem, there are many allusions and symbols, that all about metaphor. There are implicit meaning and figurative language.  The genuine meaning will come and we can get great impression of a poem when we can open it all hidden.

REFFERENCES

Encyclopedia of American literature Marshall Boswell and Carl Rollyson 2002.

Robert D. Habich and Robert C. Nowatzki Ball State University A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book  Guide Romanticism and transcendentalism 2010

Lili Awaludin & Dian Nurrachman Survey of American Literature: The Anthology of learning Materials (fisrt half semester)

Dian Nurrachman Survey of American Literature: The Anthology of learning Materials (second half semester)

George Parker Anderson Research Guide to American Literature 2010

Kaelan: Filsafat Bahasa “filsafat analitik & hermeneutic “

Microsoft Student Encarta Dictionary.

The comparison in using language in fiction and nonfiction work

Sometimes we feel confused to distinct whether those work fiction or nonfiction, there are several aspect which should be described to give more understanding; the use of figurative language, the topic, form, rhetoric, and fiction itself. As I know that there is a similarity between fiction and nonfiction, it is focused in using of language. It doesn’t matter whether we use much figurative language in fiction or nonfiction work. But the factor which is affected about the using of figurative language is about the prevalence. Commonly, the fiction work is always colored by figurative language to make it more beautiful. For example, a poem will be tasteless without it. Because to make it beautiful one of many alternatives we can use it, beside save the deep meaning of a word or sentence.

The topic can give the ideas for writing a nonfiction work; based on my opinion that topic is the information which is booming in current time, usually, many of essayers use that situation to publish their work which is relating with it. Basically this topic will establish the mind of the writer in writing article, because as I know that article usually describe about the current situation or reality, it can be said that article should be up to date. The considering of nonfiction definition based on fiction, rhetoric, form, and topic has a relation which is one and each other affecting.

Rhetoric is a technique of using art language which is based on knowledge systematically. There are two important aspects in rhetoric; knowledge about language and the using of it well. It can be concluded that rhetoric is a style of language in expressing something. I think that the rhetoric will depend on the object talking, it means that when the writer try to express about the essence of its writing about poem, it will be used the figurative and implicit meaning. It will be different when the author tells about the current reality about something. For example, the booming one in current time is about the numerous of violence in the public transportation. The author will avoid the using of unordinary language there, because to give more understanding to the reader it uses the explicit language.

Many of us recognize that by identifying form we can know about the identity of writing, the form is one which can distinct about the writing really is. There are several form in nonfiction; essay, article, biography, research writing, etc. By knowing the form of writing we can identify the content about it. So, we as a reader will elect the writing based on our understanding or consumption. In other word, the form will be the identity of the writing itself.

Qualitative method will be used to analyze this thesis, and the result is about the basic distinction in using language in fiction and nonfiction work.  Nonfiction can be identified by several aspects; form, rhetoric, topic, and understand about the distinction between fiction and nonfiction itself. Nonfiction can be the identity in writing which is commonly used in academic writing.

Punk and Melodic Punk as a symbol to Against Several Things

Many of us recognize that music is one of components of life which can’t be abolished. There are many reasons for those who think about it; they love it because they are musician, observer, listener and the others, they think that life without music is quiet. In addition, music can be the way to do something else. Several famous music genres such as; Pop, Underground, Punk, Rock n Roll, and etc. Commonly, they have an innovation. For example, punk has a sub-genre melodic punk, Metal have black metal, death metal, nu metal, metal core, and many others. The following paragraph will tell about punk.

Punk is a genre of music which was born on 1970 at London; it was as an ideology of the community which it was about social and politic. Punk is identical with rumpled of clothes and Mohawk hair, actually it was the counter to band pop’s culture and capitalism which developed at London. They had been sounding about anti social and similar authority, it means that they were free to do anything and get their destination as long as it would not disturb the other. The first band punk in London is Sex pistol and in the America is Ramones. Meanwhile, melodic punk has different genre music; it is inclined smoother and acceptable in ordinary society. Melodic punk usually release the themes about criticize to the government, protest anti social, friendship and love. For example Murder the Government, drop the world, falling in love (NOFX), Dear my friend, angry fist fighting soul (Hi-Standard), Joana (Not Available), on the outside, not your savior (No Use For A Name).

There are many things to do as the against, for example; several punk communities in big city in Indonesia; Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, and Malang make a recording and limited distribution to compete with the bands pop and other genres music. They make a label for shade the others punk bands and distribute it to the market; they call by indie music band. Then this business develop being a store of clothes call “Distro“. Based on their philosophy, distro is an implementation of against to the youth consumptive attitude adorer; Adidas, Nike, Levi’s, Calvin Klein and the others brands. Beside it, they also produce and distribute accessories, music books, magazine, poster, piercing and tattoo.

In Bandung, Punk is so many and several of them speared in everywhere, especially in every clamorous area. They are called by street punk. They are different, because most of them are singing beggar in the public transportation etc. Meanwhile, melodic punk is more impressive, because several bands make a community and album compilation; komunitas pinggir sungai, Bampu (Bandung melodic punk), and the other. Komunitas pinggir sungai was built at Tracking Away Studio Bandung on April 2010 based on the similarity in music genre. There are many melodic punk bands in Bandung; BFDF, Kids on Radio, Fatlip, Martabak Keju, Burn After Play, Eat Well Earl, Namiera’s Underwear, I hate Monday, and etc. Unfortunately, they are famous in their community, because they are Indie Band.

Actually, we are free to hear every genre of music; it is defend on our mood or our predilection. We can get the message or the content of a song and we know for what it is purposed. Punk and melodic punk at least can be alternative reference in the midst of bands pop and Malayan lustrous songs.

References

Punk rock Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia.com